BFSUMUNC 2024

Topic

抗危城市建设与治理

About the committee

“值此庆祝世界城市日之际，让我们下定决心，共同努力，使城市地区不仅成为增长的引擎，而且成为可持续性、韧性和全民繁荣的灯塔。” —联合国秘书长安东尼奥•古特雷斯，2023年10月31日世界城市日的致辞 城市是经济增长和创新的引擎，是实现《2030年议程》和可持续发展目标的关键。如今，全球一半以上的人口生活在城市，根据联合国的数据，到2050年，这一数字预计将上升到70%。人类的现在和未来无疑都在于城市。 当今，城市正处于当今复杂挑战的前沿，包括气候危机、日益严重的不平等和政治两极分化在内的诸多问题逐步显现。地方当局在有限的支持和资源下举步维艰，而对基础设施、经济适用房、高效交通和社会服务的需求巨大且不断增长，如何建设与治理抗危机城市是世界各国亟需面对的议题。 这里是联合国人居署，新危机时代下可持续城市建设的出路仍待开辟，我们期待在这里倾听到您的声音，集诸位代表之共同智慧探索城市发展的解决之道，将可持续发展目标11与抗危机城市的建设与治理深度结合，为永续社区的建设注入新的动力。

Countries

Topics

1. 政治互信进程
2. 一体化进程
3. 海合会扩员

About the committee

“本《宣言》的签署国注意到伊斯兰信仰作为紧密而坚定的纽带，能够进一步团结阿拉伯民族的共同未来；希望进一步加强这些纽带，将其最高利益放在首位，从而加强其人民之间的感情和友爱的联系，巩固邻里关系和相互尊重的原则。” ——《欧拉宣言》 波斯湾，亦称海湾，世界上地缘政治环境最复杂的区域之一。千百年来，不同时期的列强在此你方唱罢我登台，特别是化石能源为人类所使用后，拥有巨量油气资源的波斯湾更是长期处于动荡状态。从中东战争、美苏冷战、伊朗伊斯兰革命、两伊战争……似乎石油和和平注定不可能在波斯湾共存。1981年，在沙特阿拉伯牵头下，6个君主制的逊尼派阿拉伯国家联合组成了海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会，力图于乱局中谋求和平与发展。在政权总体稳定、石油资源丰富、美国提供保障的条件下，这6个国家的经济建设取得长足发展。时至今日，海合会已经是世界上成员国经济水平最高的区域性国际组织之一。 这其中，卡塔尔是个极为特殊的存在。1995年哈马德发动政变成为埃米尔后对卡塔尔进行了一次彻底的转型，尤其是在外交上：哈马德实现转型后的卡塔尔外交是一种带有强烈实用主义色彩的利基外交，它立足于卡塔尔丰富的油气资源带来的雄厚财力，以打造卡塔尔的“国际调解人”形象并将其品牌化为主要手段，力图在摆脱对沙特的依附，实现卡塔尔外交独立性的基础上进一步提升卡塔尔的国际影响力。经过哈马德十余年的励精图治，卡塔尔已然成为最具代表性的“小国大外交”的国家，在他任内发展起来的半岛电视台也是世界上最具影响力的媒体之一，其在冲突调解等领域的影响力在一些情况下甚至远超地区大国沙特。但是，在“阿拉伯之春”中，哈马德将外交政策由温和调解转向激进干预，他过于激进的外交开始招致沙特和其他海合会国家的不满，2013年他退位并将埃米尔传位给其子塔米姆后，这种裂隙持续加深，并在2014和2017年爆发了两次海湾-卡塔尔危机，外交上不断取得亮眼成绩的卡塔尔却一下子被海合会的伙伴们集体断交…… 对卡塔尔来说，同海合会、同沙特、同阿联酋等国的关系都是不容忽视的外交问题，甚至是安全问题。而对于沙特领导下的海合会，卡塔尔是其不可或缺的重要成员，这关于海合会成员间的政治互信，进一步来说也关乎到海合会的一体化愿景；除此之外，许多友好国家多次表明加入海合会的意愿，是否接纳这些国家加入也是作为海合会成员国所要思考的问题。带着这些问题，我们将来到2021年于沙特阿拉伯城市欧拉召开的第41届海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会峰会，共同探寻这些问题的解决之道。 历史的画卷已经铺开，而决定历史的画笔，就在各位手中。

Countries

Topic

Making Global Efforts to Protect Asylum Seekers

About the committee

Every day, people are forced to flee their homes due to war, violence or persecution. Once someone crosses an international border, they have the right to “seek asylum” in order to obtain protection in the country where they have found refuge. Seeking asylum is a human right. Unfortunately, there are many situations in the world where people are restricted from seeking asylum. Asylum seekers might face pushbacks at borders, discrimination, trafficking and arbitrary detention. On 18th July 2023, The Illegal Migration Bill was passed by Parliament in the United Kingdom. The Bill extinguishes access to asylum in the UK for anyone who arrives irregularly, having passed through a country – however briefly – where they did not face persecution. It bars them from presenting refugee protection or other human rights claims, no matter how compelling their circumstances. In addition, it requires their removal to another country, with no guarantee that they will necessarily be able to access protection there. It creates sweeping new detention powers, with limited judicial oversight. It is at variance with the country’s obligations under international human rights and refugee law and will have profound consequences for people in need of international protection, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk and UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi warned. The safety of asylum seekers is at great risk. The right to seek asylum is key to protecting people forced to flee their homes. It is one of the most basic and important concepts in refugee law. The right to seek asylum also comes with other important rights and obligations for States. People forced to flee should be treated with respect, and receive care and they should not be detained. There should be no pushbacks, no discrimination, and their safe access should be granted. With the tendency of the global community to evade responsibility, making global efforts to protect asylum seekers is increasingly important. The Global Refugee Forum 2023 took place from 13 to 15 December in Geneva, Switzerland, with linked events held in other locations from 11 December. Held every four years, the Forum is the world’s largest international gathering on refugees, designed to support the practical implementation of the objectives set out in the Global Compact on Refugees: Ease pressures on host countries, enhance refugee self-reliance, increase access to third-country solutions and improve conditions in countries of origin. Under the lead of UNHCR, in this MUN conference, delegates will have heated discussion on how to protect asylum seekers. Delegates will have a chance to experience a simulated Global Refugee Forum to try to reach a consensus on how to protect asylum seekers humanely. The safety of asylum seekers is at your hands.

Countries

Topic

Addressing East-West Trade issues within the Transatlantic Alliance

About the committee

“This day, June 18, 1982, could well go down as the beginning of the end of the Atlantic Alliance.” Claude Cheysson, then foreign minister of France In the wake of the energy crisis of the 1970s, several European nations made it a priority to invest in natural gas as a means of reducing their reliance on oil from the Middle East. Due to geographical factors and resource availability, Europe turned to the Soviet Union as a source of natural gas. Additionally, Europe engaged in substantial exports of equipment related to natural gas extraction and pipelines to the Soviet Union, with a significant portion of this equipment utilizing proprietary technology from the United States. The primary aim of this trade arrangement was to facilitate the construction of a new pipeline that would stretch from the Urengoy Siberian gas field, traverse Ukraine, and ultimately provide Western Europe with a supply of natural gas. Consequently, the significance of natural gas development and export extended beyond the value of the gas itself. It also served as a source of European exports, job opportunities, and contributed to fostering détente and improved relations with the Soviets. However, American leaders were unhappy with such a deal. On June 18, 1982, The Reagan Administration announced an embargo, prohibiting the delivery of any US equipment and technology for the construction of the Pipeline. Foreign-based companies are also under the jurisdiction of this embargo. The embargo was an expansion of US sanctions on the Soviet Union after the Solidarność campaign occurred in Poland. The Pipeline embargo turned European leaders' and firms’ anxiety into outrage and triggered a crisis between Washington and its European Allies. To the surprise of officials in Washington, the Europeans started to take action by the end of July. Began with Thatcher’s direct defiance, leaders soon echoed her words. In the meantime, the consensus among US policymakers was fleeting. In November, after months of argument and facing pressures from home and abroad, Reagan announced that he would drop both the original sanctions on the supply of goods for gas pipelines as well as their expansive interpretation from June. For more than seven decades, the transatlantic alliance has shown its solidarity and unity when facing external threats. Maintained by various treaties, agreements, common values, and social systems, the bond between Washington and Brussels seemed to be one of the most powerful linkages in the planet. From security policy to economic relationships, the transatlantic bond has enabled both sides to reap tremendous benefits. Yet the divergence of national interests and diplomatic approaches still exist. When it occurred to such a pierce debate, the strength of the US-Europe relationship was tested and questioned by political and business leaders on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. However, we must not forget that Europe and the United States share far more in common than in opposition. Till today, the connection across the Atlantic still serves as a pillar of the West. In 1982, how could the Alliance overcome differences, what are the possible means and approaches and how would them function, will be questions for delegates to consider.

Countries

Topic

Reconstruction of Security, Democracy and Human Rights in Sahel Region

About the committee

“Although West Africa and the Sahel continue to face unprecedented security challenges, it is still “a land of immense opportunities”. Omar Touray, Chairman of Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) In July 2023, a military coup happened swiftly in Niamey, Niger, overthrowing the democratic regime of Bazoum, and forming dictatorial rule throughout Niger. Actually, this is not a particular case in Sahel Region, as similar incidents have happened in Mali in 2021, and in Burkina Faso in 2022. Since then, democracy has been missing in these three countries, with the democratization process delayed indefinitely. Most countries in Western Africa used to be the colonies of France, which has resulted in the fact that even after their independence, their economy highly relies on French investment, with the African Financial Community Franc (FCFA) still regarded as their national currency. With the generation that identifies with France passing away, the emerging national leaders are managing to get rid of French control by virtue of Russian Wagner. Nigeria, the largest African economy, acts as a close ally of the United States and the United Kingdom and firmly sets itself against the newly formed Alliance of Sahel States, which represents the interests of Wagner-supported juntas. The Sahel Region has therefore become another wrestling arena for the great powers, while none of them clearly confirm their strategic participation. As most of the international attention has been attracted to Gaza and Ukraine, few great powers have themselves focused on the crisis escalating in the Sahel Region, which obviously has less geopolitical significance. Meanwhile, the new governments’ resistance to the United Nations has made humanitarian assistance extremely challenging, increasingly aggravating the human rights situation in Sahel Region. Without effective governance, public security is under severe threat of terrorist attacks and vicious crimes. Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), the most rampant terrorist organization in Sahel Region, used to inflict heavy losses under the combat of the French army, but after the new governments of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso made their decision to dislodge French garrisons, it is obviously experiencing its resurrection, with attacks occurring in much higher frequency. Not only government troops but also innocent civilians have become the target of the extremists that are devoted to the re-establishment of a fundamentalist caliphate on the ruins of modern cities. At a time when countries are tearing off their cloak of civilization and baring their fangs of barbarism, the situation in the Sahel Region is getting progressively urgent, with security, democracy, and human rights all in jeopardy, and thus it is time for you all, the delegates of the United Nations General Assembly First Committee, to rebuild the consensus and make the final decision at stake for the Sahel Region.

Countries

Topic

Sustainable Agricultural Development and Action under Climate Change Challenge

About the committee

“We need policymakers to act. We need the civil society to be mobilized and the private sector to understand that making better choices today means making investments more sustainable and more profitable for tomorrow.” David Laborde,Director of the Agrifood Economics Division at FAO The time for this issue is around COP28 (i.e. around December 1, 2023). According to the Fifth Working Report of IPCC, "climate change is no longer a future challenge, but is already an immediate threat". "In the current world context, each country attaches great importance to climate change, and as of December 2020, more than 100 countries have committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2050, and the European Union (EU) has also released a policy roadmap containing seven areas; China attaches great importance to addressing climate change, and adheres to green, recycling and low-carbon development as an important strategy to promote high-quality sustainable development. China attaches great importance to combating climate change, insisting on green, circular, and low-carbon development as an important strategic initiative to promote high-quality sustainable development; although former U.S. President Donald Trump withdraw from the Paris Agreement, current U.S. President Joe Biden put forward the idea that combating climate change should be considered a national priority in his original election plan and was widely recognized by the public. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has stated that humanity is at "risk of food system collapse associated with warming, droughts, floods, precipitation variability, and extreme events". Climate change has become an important contributor to the deterioration of global food security and is accelerating the pressure on global food security. It is expected that the deterioration of the global climate will accelerate after the middle of the twenty-first century and that humanity will be faced with the challenge of feeding more than 9 billion people, which will undoubtedly be one of the most daunting challenges facing humankind. The SBSTA actively work as a platform for professional scientific information and expert assessments, provided by affiliated organizations such as the IPCC, and policy guidance and various related decision-making projects, needed by the Convention, to communicate and interact different information and review comments.

Countries

Topic

La révolution et la promotion de l’éducation à l’ère technologique

About the committee

L’éducation transforme la vie et est au cœur de la mission de l’UNESCO pour construire la paix, éradiquer la pauvreté et conduire le développement durable. C'est un droit humain pour tous, tout au long de la vie. L’UNESCO est la seule agence des Nations Unies dont la mission couvre tous les aspects de l’éducation. Elle a reçu le mandat de conduire l’Agenda mondial Éducation 2030 par l’intermédiaire de l’Objectif de développement durable 4. En même temps, le rôle de la technologie dans l’éducation est depuis longtemps source de débats intenses. Démocratise-t-elle les connaissances ou menace-t-elle la démocratie en laissant le contrôle de l’information aux mains de quelques-uns ? Offre-t-elle des possibilités infinies ou conduit-elle à un avenir tributaire de la technologie sans aucun retour possible ? Rend-elle les règles du jeu plus équitables ou aggrave-t-elle les inégalités ? Devrait-on l’utiliser pour enseigner aux jeunes enfants ou présente-t-elle un risque pour leur développement ? Certainement, les systèmes éducatifs doivent toujours veiller à placer les intérêts des apprenants au centre et à utiliser les technologies numériques pour soutenir une éducation basée sur l’interaction humaine plutôt que de chercher à la substituer. Mais comment ? C’est une question pour vous à répondre.

Countries

Countries